Ganesha University of Education: Research on Legal and Policy Governance for the Public Interest Utilization of Artificial Intelligence in Indonesia

List of Key Chapter Titles

1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
3. Indonesia's Legal Framework for Artificial Intelligence
4. Current State of AI Development in Indonesia
5. Comparison of AI Applications in Public Services: Indonesia and Other Countries
6. Legal Challenges and Opportunities for the Government in Responding to AI Development for Good Governance
7. Conclusion
8. References

Document Introduction

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has become a strategic issue in modern state governance, prompting countries to build adaptive legal and policy frameworks. This study focuses on Indonesia, exploring how it regulates AI-based public services through legal and policy instruments to achieve the goal of good governance. The report systematically reviews Indonesia's existing legal foundations, national strategies, and implementation challenges in the field of AI governance, and conducts a comparative analysis with jurisdictions such as Singapore, the Netherlands, and the European Union. It aims to provide a rigorous academic assessment for understanding the transformation of public governance in the context of emerging technologies.

This study adopts a normative legal research method, focusing on regulatory analysis and supplemented by comparative research. The main subjects of analysis include key Indonesian regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) and the Presidential Regulation on Electronic-Based Government Systems (No. 95/2018), while also referencing policy documents like the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2020-2045. Data sources encompass laws and regulations, government policy documents, existing academic literature, and international organization reports. Through qualitative descriptive analysis, the study systematically evaluates the gap between policy content and actual implementation.

The research finds that although Indonesia has not yet enacted a dedicated artificial intelligence law, it has laid a foundation for AI governance through a series of regulations. The Electronic Information and Transactions Law provides a legal liability framework for the operation of electronic systems, including AI data processing. The electronic government system promoted by Presidential Regulation No. 95/2018 opens a path for integrating AI to enhance administrative efficiency and transparency. However, the current core policy, the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy, remains a form of "soft law," lacking binding force, leading to regulatory gaps in areas such as algorithm transparency, ethical impact assessments, and accountability for decision-making errors. The report also points out that Indonesia has made initial progress in applying AI in the public sector, such as deploying chatbots and data analysis systems in immigration, social assistance, and public service consultation, significantly improving service efficiency and reducing costs.

Through cross-country comparison, the report reveals different governance models. Although Singapore lacks a unified, dedicated AI law, it guides AI development through cross-sectoral governance frameworks (such as the Personal Data Protection Commission's AI Governance Model) and continuously upgraded national AI strategies (e.g., NAIS 2.0). The European Union has introduced the legally binding Artificial Intelligence Act, imposing strict regulations on high-risk AI systems. These experiences provide references for Indonesia, particularly in establishing coordinated AI governance institutions, formulating national AI standards, and balancing innovation with risk control. Finally, the report summarizes Indonesia's internal strengths (e.g., demographic dividend, government support) and weaknesses (e.g., digital divide, human resource shortage), as well as external opportunities (e.g., the "One Data Indonesia" policy) and threats (e.g., reliance on foreign technology, inconsistent law enforcement) in leveraging AI for good governance through a SWOT analysis.

The conclusion of this report emphasizes that Indonesia has demonstrated clear intent and achieved initial results in using AI to enhance governance effectiveness, but key obstacles must be overcome to move towards AI-driven good governance. Future policy priorities should focus on translating the national strategy into binding laws, strengthening inter-departmental coordination, bridging the digital infrastructure gap, and drawing on international experience to build a responsible AI governance system that aligns with national values (such as Pancasila). This study provides in-depth, authoritative first-hand analysis and an assessment framework for defense and security analysts, policy researchers, and geopolitical observers interested in Southeast Asian digital governance, artificial intelligence policy, and international comparisons.