Guide to the Media Landscape in Afghanistan

Key Chapter Title List

1. Introduction
2. Main Content of Communication Culture
3. Media in Disaster Response
4. Overview of Broadcast Media
5. Overview of Television
6. Introduction to Print Media
7. Introduction to Digital Media
8. Introduction to Social Media
9. Overview of Migration and Cross-Border Media
10. Overview of Traditional Communication Forms
11. Media, Journalism, and Training

Document Introduction

This guide was jointly developed by the CDAC Network and DW Akademie. It is a key component of the global initiative "Transparency and Media Freedom – Crisis Resistance in the Pandemic," aiming to systematically present a comprehensive picture of Afghanistan's media landscape from October 2021 to January 2022. The research background focuses on the drastic political, economic, and social changes in Afghanistan following the Taliban's return to power, as well as the structural adjustments within the media ecosystem under multiple challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic and humanitarian crises. Its core purpose is to address the media application difficulties faced by various organizations and individuals conducting communication, aid, and development work in Afghanistan.

The core content of the guide covers four major dimensions: Firstly, the foundational media ecology, including the history of media development, policy environment, language distribution, the impact of religious and ethnic factors on communication, and the correlation between social indicators like literacy rates and media choices. Secondly, a panoramic analysis of various media forms, detailing the operational status, audience characteristics, and communication effectiveness of broadcast, television, print media, digital media, social media, cross-border media, and traditional communication forms. Thirdly, media practices in crisis response, focusing on analyzing the role of media in information dissemination, rumor management, and public health knowledge popularization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, it clarifies the practical application value of the guide, providing targeted operational references for different entities such as social organizations, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and media practitioners.

The research methodology combines multi-source data integration with in-depth interviews. Interviewees included key stakeholders such as media organizations, humanitarian organizations, United Nations agencies, government officials, and academic researchers. The process was supported by a domestic referral team to ensure the authenticity and comprehensiveness of the information. Data sources encompass statistical reports and survey findings from authoritative institutions like the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), The Asia Foundation, and Reporters Without Borders (RSF), while also incorporating field research information on media operations in Afghanistan's 34 provinces.

Key findings indicate a significant restructuring of Afghanistan's media landscape after the Taliban's takeover: hundreds of media institutions closed, 72% of female journalists lost their jobs, self-censorship intensified, entertainment programs were drastically reduced, and the proportion of educational and religious content increased. Radio, as the core information channel in rural areas, maintains high coverage. Television continues to gain popularity in urban areas. Digital media and social media are rapidly rising due to internet penetration (reaching 996,000 users in 2021) but face multiple obstacles such as signal issues, cost, and speed. Dari and Pashto dominate media communication, with insufficient content supply in minority languages. Differences in language and literacy rates lead to significant group differentiation in media access.

This guide is not a comprehensive review of media forms but rather a summary tool focused on practical application. It can facilitate effective communication in humanitarian relief, disaster preparedness, community engagement, and other work. It helps users accurately identify suitable media channels, avoid communication risks, improve information delivery efficiency, and provide scientific support for cross-group communication in complex environments.