Russia's security operations in Africa

List of Key Chapter Titles

1. Core Areas of Activity
2. Russian Security Presence in the Central African Republic
3. Logistical Hub and Military Intervention in Libya
4. Counterterrorism Cooperation and Geopolitical Maneuvering in Mali
5. Resource Ties and Security Cooperation in Sudan
6. Potential Issues of Congressional Concern
7. Oversight Mechanisms and Reporting Requirements
8. Sanctions Policy and Implementation Effectiveness
9. Considerations for Aid Conditionality
10. Provision of Alternative Security Options
11. Strategic Competition and U.S. Diplomatic Narrative
12. Chain Effects of Regime Change in Syria

Document Introduction

Since 2017, Russia has deployed thousands of security personnel to Africa, supporting regimes facing insurgency threats and other challenges through a so-called "military-commercial model," which has become a significant component of its global strategic deployment. In mid-2023, after formally dissolving the nominally private military company Wagner Group, which had led related operations in Africa, Russia further expanded the scale of its operations and placed them under clearer state control, reintegrating the deployed forces under the name "Africa Corps" overseen by the military intelligence agency (GRU).

The report focuses on the core regions and dynamics of Russia's security operations in Africa, noting that the Central African Republic, Libya, and Mali remain the countries with the largest Russian deployments by the end of 2024, while countries such as Burkina Faso and Niger have also welcomed small Russian contingents since mid-2023. These deployments not only leverage historical ties from the Cold War era but also exploit the vulnerabilities and ambitions of specific national leaders. By stoking dissatisfaction with Western powers and UN peacekeeping operations and employing scorched-earth tactics, they provide support to the relevant regimes. While some areas have achieved territorial recovery, this has been accompanied by various human rights violations.

In terms of operational models, the Africa Corps' actions actually involve participation by Russian state personnel, various private military companies, and former Wagner personnel. Simultaneously, Russia actively seeks military base agreements in Africa (e.g., in Sudan) and circumvents sanctions by extracting African resources such as gold to fund its military operations in Ukraine. To counterbalance Russia, Ukraine has attempted to challenge Russian influence in countries like Sudan and Mali, actions that have provoked dissatisfaction in some West African nations and led to diplomatic ruptures.

The report also systematically outlines key policy issues facing the U.S. Congress. These include the effectiveness of oversight mechanisms for Russian-related activities and U.S. responses, the implementation effectiveness and adjustment needs of existing sanctions policies, the setting of conditions for aid to relevant African countries, the feasibility of providing alternative security options, and the challenges to the U.S. diplomatic narrative in the context of strategic competition. The data and analysis are based on U.S. government statements, news reports, and integrated assessments by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), providing an authoritative reference for understanding the restructuring of Russia's security strategy in Africa and its regional and global impacts.