2024.11.01****

Word count: , Reading time approximately minutes


introduction:资源型城市转型是必行之路,也是振兴我国东北资源依赖型老工业城市的重要途径。

Author: Li Ye, First Financial News; First Financial Research Institute

引言网络日益发达,在反“内卷”的浪潮中,鹤岗一度因房价低冲上热搜,成为一批自由职业者的好去处。曾在一线城市打拼的他们可以凭自己的实力在鹤岗买到属于自己的房子。鹤岗拥有价格与大城市比肩的咖啡店、奶茶店、酒吧等休闲设施。与大城市里人们为排解压力所强调的“早晚”不同(早上需要咖啡提神醒脑来开启一天的学习和工作;晚上需要含酒精饮料进行“助眠”,来结束一天辛苦的工作和疲惫的学习),笔者所观察到鹤岗的“晚”更多的是人们在烧烤店与朋友畅饮啤酒,或者在下班后与家人小酌。笔者是夏天去的鹤岗,感受到的是这座城市的生命力与韧性,听到本地人对鹤岗的描述最多的就是适合“过生活”。只不过城市转型之路并非坦途,鹤岗在探索过程中面临着诸多挑战。对于资源型地区而言,人们曾经因为资源开发聚集到一起,建立起了城市。然而,当资源逐渐枯竭时,留下的人与“日渐衰落”的城市将何去何从?资源型城市转型是必行之路,也是振兴我国东北资源依赖型老工业城市的重要途径。本文首先从宏观视角探讨资源型城市的转型问题,分析资源依赖型老工业基地的衰退现象及现有的城市转型模式。在此基础上,聚焦鹤岗这一中国边陲资源型城市,分析其转型的必要性和可行性,客观指出鹤岗在产业转型过程中遇到的困难和存在的短板,总结资源型城市如何应对转型过程中的挑战。正文一、资源型城市转型与东北振兴资源型城市指的是一种特殊类型的城市,这类城市依靠本地区的矿产、森林等自然资源导向型产业支撑城市经济。由于资源型城市对资源的依赖性很强,当资源枯竭时,这些城市通常会面临困境,需要寻找新的发展路径。新中国成立后,为了满足当时经济发展的需要,国家优先发展重工业,提高工业化水平和技术能力,从而促进经济的长期稳定和发展。在这个过程中,大量自然资源被开采和利用,为重工业提供所需的能源和原材料。全国形成了以东北为主要发展地区的一大批资源型城市,为国家工业化做出了巨大贡献。改革开放后,随着资源的逐渐枯竭和市场需求的变化,这些东北老工业城市的竞争力开始下降。这些城市的自然资源也大多已进入开采的中后期,经济和社会结构都面临转型的压力。由于缺乏有竞争力的产业体系和投资环境,这些城市的经济发展速度放缓。年月,中共中央、国务院下发《关于实施东北地区等老工业基地振兴战略的若干意见》,标志着振兴东北地区等老工业基地的战略正式启动。年月,中共中央、国务院出台《关于全面振兴东北地区等老工业基地的若干意见》,深入推进东北振兴战略。东北地区资源型城市转型是振兴东北的重要途径之一。东北地区资源依赖型老工业城市转型的经验有一些共同之处,如体制机制创新、产业结构调整、保障改善民生等。从转型关键驱动力和机制来看,东北地区的转型模式是从内部孵化出来的,没有完全依赖外部的帮助。中国城市发展与振兴的模式复杂,政府在其中发挥着重要作用。政府如何与市场和企业互动来改造城市经济需要进一步探讨。.资源依赖型老工业基地的衰退有中国学者认为,与西方发达国家老工业基地的衰退问题不同,体制因素是导致东北老工业基地衰退的重要原因之一。东北老工业基地的体制有三个显著特点:一是工业和国有经济相互依赖,形成了一个封闭的体系;二是工业受到计划经济的管理,企业缺乏自主权;三是政府对工业的控制限制了市场机制的作用。也有国外学者指出老工业地基的衰退是因为路径依赖。老工业基地存在三种锁定效应:功能锁定、认知锁定和政治锁定。在东北老工业基地,这三种锁定效应同样存在。功能锁定主要体现在当地企业过于依赖与政府建立联系,忽视了与其他企业、产业间的互动,导致无法享受合作带来的集聚效应。认知锁定则是由于思维固化于传统模式,阻碍了改革和创新的步伐。只聚焦于技术提升和产业发展本身,忽视了构建一个有利于创新的环境和健全的地方产业体系对于维持长期竞争力的重要性。政治锁定体现在保障了国有企业的产权和资源分配,而限制了其他经济活动的发展。这种政治锁定还表现在行政区划之间的资源分配上。.现有的资源型城市转型模式城市在面临工业结构的老化和市场竞争的压力时,如何调整自身的发展战略,寻找新的发展道路?资源型城市转型模式大致可以分为三类。第一种模式,可以称之为“多元化扩展”。这种模式将城市经济从单一或少数主导部门转变为制造业、高科技和现代服务业的综合体,以实现多元化。以德国的鲁尔工业区为例,这个曾经以煤炭和钢铁为主导的地区,在面对全球市场的变化和低成本竞争的压力时,成功地吸引了众多专注于信息技术、微系统、太阳能技术等领域的中小型企业,从而实现了经济的转型和升级。第二种模式,可以称之为“产业链替换”。这种模式采用全新的产业链来取代现有的城市工业部门,比如用高科技产业取代传统产业,或者用高附加值产业取代低附加值产业。法国洛林的工业基地就是这种模式的典型。随着城市工业结构调整,一些传统工业活动的重要性大幅度降低,铁矿石停止开采,钢铁工业逐渐衰落。在产业转型的过程中,洛林专注于吸引海外投资,发展了包括机械工程、电子电气设备制造在内的新兴产业,特别是汽车组装和零部件产业,从而实现了转型。第三种模式,可以称之为“优化收缩”。这种模式的理念是,城市并不一定要通过无限制的增长来改善经济状况,可以通过提高居民的生活质量、优化基础设施和住房条件等方式来实现经济的良性发展。美国的匹兹堡就是这种模式的代表。在经历了钢铁和制造业的衰落后,匹兹堡开始注重发展高科技产业、教育、医疗保健、文化和旅游业等多元化经济,鼓励市民和私营企业参与城市管理,同政府一起完善城市基础设施项目,提供公共服务,实现城市转型与振兴。匹兹堡的“有计划收缩”模式自下而上,不仅稳定了社区,还推动了城市的绿色建设和海滨开发等项目。.资源型城市转型面临的困境面对全球化、市场化和中国经济的高速发展,我国各地方的城市都在积极寻求变革,提升居民的生活水平,适应新的经济环境。东北地区资源依赖型城市转型的经验与上述“多元化扩展”“产业链替换”“优化收缩”三种常见转型模式有共通之处,对应着体制机制创新、产业结构调整、保障改善民生。我国东北地区的转型模式是注重内生动力,结合自身的实际情况,围绕工业部门进行地方的建设和改造,探索转型之路。在实际转型过程中,资源型城市普遍面临的挑战大致可以分为六种:资源依赖、财政资金短缺、产业路径模糊、服务设施滞后、矿山所处偏远地区管理困难以及生态环境恶化。

The challenges encountered by cities during their transformation process can have a significant impact on the lives of local residents, such as unemployment or income decline, environmental pollution leading to deteriorating living conditions, which may directly affect social stability. Cities that rely on resources or heavy industries should always prioritize human needs when adjusting their economic structure. The government needs to fully utilize its functions to provide necessary social security for those affected by the transformation, such as offering education and training opportunities for those laid off during state-owned enterprise reforms, helping them enhance their skills to better adapt to the new economic environment. Different regions, cities, and enterprises have varying development environments and characteristics. This article will delve into Hegang, a century-old coal city on the northeastern border of China, to explore the stories of urban transformation from the perspectives of the city's builders and managers, local and foreign entrepreneurs and workers, and old and new residents, and to summarize the paths of urban transformation from a sustainable development perspective. II. Reasons to Stay in a City With the development of society and the improvement of living standards, the concept of sustainable development has permeated people's lives. In addition to seeking good job opportunities, factors such as the best hospitals, highest teaching quality, most appropriate street management, most developed public transportation, and cleanest air environment in a city have also become considerations for people when deciding where to migrate or settle, and are gradually becoming considerations for capital flow. The economic development model of cities is changing, gradually shifting from relying on stimulus measures to attract or retain enterprises to actively creating a friendly environment to retain talent. The phenomenon of "where people go, where capital stays" among cities is gradually emerging. The transformation of resource-based cities cannot be achieved without "people." First Impression of Hegang Hegang City is located in the northeastern part of Heilongjiang Province, bordered by the Heilongjiang River to the north, the Songhua River to the south, the Lesser Khingan Mountains to the west, and the Sanjiang Plain to the east. The terrain slopes from northwest to southeast, with mountainous areas in the west and north, hilly areas in the south, and plains in the southeast. The city is divided into administrative districts and counties. Hegang's railway connects with Jiamusi, and its main highway routes include Haruo (Harbin to Luobei), Heyi (Hegang to Yichun), and Hedong (Hegang to Dalian). In recent years, the development of Hegang's urban transportation has been rapid, with the opening of dedicated lanes at the Beijiang toll station on the Heming Highway, improving traffic efficiency. Additionally, multiple transportation construction projects including railways, highways, and aviation are planned to further optimize the transportation network and boost economic development. Hegang City is an important gateway for opening up to Russia, with two first-class national ports, Luobei and Suibin (under construction). The convenience of the Heilongjiang "Golden Waterway" allows Hegang to implement river-sea combined transport, reaching Japan and South Korea directly.

In the year, the State Council approved and identified the third batch of resource-exhausted cities, with Hegang City being included. The coal mining resources in Hegang have entered the later stages of development. However, coking coal, gas coal, and fat coal remain the main industrial products, used for civilian purposes and centralized heating, serving as important raw materials in the fields of coal washing and processing, coal-to-electricity conversion, and coal chemical industries. Facing the challenge of coal resource depletion, the utilization of graphite resources represents a new path for Hegang's development. According to data from the Hegang Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, the city has now proven graphite ore reserves of . billion tons, characterized by large reserves, high grade, and ease of mining and selection. Graphite products can be widely applied in various fields such as aerospace, motor electrodes, corrosion-resistant materials, and sealing materials. Presently, Hegang is facing dual challenges of young population outflow and population aging. According to national census data, the permanent population of Hegang City decreased from . million in to . million in , a decline of .%. In , the city had people with household registration but living elsewhere, with of them being intra-provincial migrants and an increase of people from inter-provincial inflows. According to the Statistical Bulletin on the National Economic and Social Development of Hegang City for , by the end of the year, the total registered population of the city was . million, with the proportion of those aged and above reaching .%, and the proportion of those aged - being only .%, reflecting the trends of population aging and young population outflow.

Population outflow is a complex phenomenon. For Hegang, as a traditional resource-based city, it has long relied on coal resource development, with a relatively single economic development model. Apart from the coal industry, the development of other industries has been relatively lagging. This limits the opportunities for young people to find jobs locally that match their educational background and skills. Meanwhile, with the depletion of resources and industrial transformation, employment opportunities have decreased, and many young people choose to leave in search of better career development opportunities. From the perspective of Hegang's economic development over the past decade, according to data provided by the Hegang Municipal Bureau of Statistics, the total economic output reached the lowest point in the past ten years at . billion yuan, and then increased year by year. In 2020, Hegang's GDP was . billion yuan, an increase of billion yuan compared to 2010, with a cumulative growth rate of .%. In 2020, the ratio of the three industries was .:.:., with the added value of the primary industry showing little change over the past decade. The secondary industry, influenced by coal mining and washing, saw a decrease in its share of the regional GDP, while the tertiary industry's share increased. Overall, the changes in the three-industry structure over the past decade mainly occurred between the secondary and tertiary industries.

In the year, the main business revenue of industrial enterprises above designated size in Hegang City reached 100 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 10%. The total profit was 10 billion yuan, a decrease of 1 billion yuan compared to the previous year. The decline may be related to the economic structural adjustment in Hegang City. According to the Statistical Communiqué on the National Economic and Social Development of Hegang City for the year, the output of raw coal in Hegang decreased by 10% year-on-year, the output of washed coal decreased by 20%, and the output of cement decreased by 30%. The elimination of backward production capacity and the optimization of industrial structure may have a short-term impact on the revenue of some industrial enterprises, but in the long run, they are aimed at achieving sustainable economic development. According to the "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the Vision Goals for 2035 for the National Economic and Social Development of Hegang City" issued by the People's Government of Hegang City, Hegang has clearly proposed a strategy of transformation and development, including promoting the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, developing a modern industrial system, and driving technological innovation and talent development. These measures are intended to reduce reliance on a single resource, enhance the intrinsic momentum and sustainability of economic development. From a data perspective, the year marked a significant watershed. That year, the added value of graphite mining and dressing industry in Hegang City increased by 50% year-on-year, and the added value of non-metallic mineral products industry increased by 40%. The graphite industry gradually became high-quality, while the coal industry advanced towards fine coal chemical and modern coal chemical industries. According to the Government Work Report of Hegang City for the year, the total output value of the coal chemical industry in the city reached 100 billion yuan, the scale of the graphite industry exceeded 10 billion yuan, the installed capacity of new energy exceeded 10,000 megawatts, and new forms of the bio-economy, digital economy, and carbon sink economy took shape to a certain extent. The proportion of non-coal industries in industrial output value reached over 60%, basically establishing Hegang as a "model city for industrial transformation."

When the city of Hegang gained attention for its low housing prices, it attracted a group of self-media professionals, internet broadcasters, designers, and other freelancers who were against the "involution" phenomenon to purchase homes there. People were drawn to the relaxed and carefree lifestyle snippets of Hegang on the internet. As the buzz grew, more and more people came to Hegang to buy homes and settle down. Among them, some individuals' work was not location-dependent, allowing them to enjoy a high quality of life at relatively low living costs in cities like Hegang while earning salaries comparable to those in first- and second-tier cities. For others, cities like Hegang offered a new possibility for "living on." Hegang became a refuge for young people who wanted to escape, yearned for change, and sought a place to call their own. In the book "The People Who Ran Away," Li Yingdi, a former media journalist, documented the portraits of people who "escaped" to Hegang and chose to live there for several months. "These people who chose to come to Hegang have paused, as if entering a life experiment, with themselves as the subjects of the experiment," Li wrote. In Li's stories, these individuals had not given up on striving, but one day, they realized that the screws of life could no longer be tightened, and they chose to escape. In a city with "low desire and low consumption," they started anew, seeking another chance for their lives. During my research in Hegang, I asked government officials, corporate employees, and citizens encountered at community service centers the same question: What is the reason for staying in Hegang? The interviewees naturally compared their work and life in Hegang with those in big cities. The analysis of high-frequency words showed that many city names appeared among the top high-frequency words. Additionally, words related to work, such as "job," "work," "grassroots," "civil servant," "talent," were frequently mentioned. Moreover, the words "home," "life," and "return" appeared with high frequency. From the interviews, it was evident that the interviewees stayed in Hegang mainly out of nostalgia for their hometown. Staying or returning to Hegang was filled with a sense of belonging and liveliness for them. Furthermore, the word "life" was repeatedly mentioned by those who came to Hegang to work, indicating that balancing life and work was extremely important to them. Among the later interviewees, high-frequency words included "housing prices," "house," "pressure," and "choice." Most of them had studied or worked in cities like Beijing, Shanghai, or other provincial capitals. During the interviews, it was clear that they were concerned about the instability of life in big cities. They considered returning to or coming to Hegang, where "involution" was not severe, to be a good choice.

对于留在鹤岗的人来说,幸福感主要源于稳定的生活环境、较低的生活成本、无压力的生活状态以及对未来的安心和期待。这些幸福感的具体体现因个人生活环境和生活状态的差异而有所不同,但都反映了人们对稳定、舒适生活状态的追求。曾经在上海工作过的一位受访者表示,在上海工作的那段时间,感受到的幸福感并不如预期。年,鹤岗全市城镇常住居民人均可支配收入元,与上海市城镇常住居民人均可支配收入元相比差距很大。在受访者看来,虽然鹤岗人均可支配收入不高,但幸福感却比在上海高很多。相较于大城市,小城市物价相对较低,房价也更加亲民,不像上海那样高不可攀。随着年龄的增长和工作经历的积累,这位受访者意识到在上海这样的大城市虽然有更多的机会,但竞争也更加激烈,生活压力更大。为了寻求更好的生活品质和更大的幸福感,他选择回到了鹤岗。这里的生活环境更加宜居,生活成本更低,房价压力也相对较小。他相信,对于那些追求幸福感和舒适生活的人来说,鹤岗这样的小城市可能会是一个更好的选择。另外一位“鹤漂”了二十多年的受访者也表达了类似的感受。他虽然不是土生土长的鹤岗人,但是据他多年的观察,鹤岗的城市环境、街道、公园绿地以及饮食等方面都在逐步向大城市看齐,这使得小城市的幸福指数得以提升。他觉得,大城市虽然繁华,但竞争激烈,生活压力大,消费高昂,相比之下,鹤岗的安逸生活让他感到满足和幸福。一位受访的鹤岗市政府工作人员表示,选择留在鹤岗,并非出于对金钱的考量。他愿意“守家待地”,鹤岗是他成长的地方,有挚爱的家人和伴侣。刚毕业时,他也曾在北京待了一年多,然而,与其去追求物质的繁华,他更倾向于宁静、安逸的生活。北京那种日复一日挤在地铁和公交车上,花费大量时间在通勤上面的生活方式让人感到压抑。小城市固然有其局限,但它也给予人们更多的生活空间和心灵的宁静,回到家乡能找到更为真实、更有价值的生活方式。作为鹤岗市政府的工作人员,建设家乡也成为了他“守家待地”的一部分。受访者表示,无论是经济转型还是城市发展,都需要一个漫长的过程。鹤岗正在积极弥补自身不足,完善道路建设和棚改房的整治工作,努力提升城市的基础设施和居住环境,为市民创造更好的生活条件。.基层社区工作者的自述从年开始,“白菜房价”“万元买房”成为了鹤岗二手房市场的标签。这么多低价房是从哪儿来的呢?背后其实有一段充满挑战的棚户区改造史。综合多方信息,我们能提炼出的是鹤岗曾大力推进保障性住房建设,大量棚改安置房的建成使得市场上的房源增多,供给过剩进一步压低了房价。鹤岗当地二手房市场良莠不齐,房价有着特别大的差异,有每平米五、六千元的“富人区”,也有几百元的棚改房。此前备受关注的“白菜价”房源,单价最低仅元/平方米,正是当地的棚改安置房。这类房屋品质较低,一般为毛坯房或简单装修。棚户区改造这项浩大的工程,是城市建设发展的重要一环,很大程度上改变了鹤岗市民的生活环境与生活方式。这项工作从年至今,累计拆迁安置了.万户居民,已办理房本.万户,基本完成了主城区的棚户区改造任务。随着新的居民区的建立,商业活动逐渐增多,为当地居民提供了更多的就业机会和消费选择。新的住宅小区与配套的现代化基础设施吸引了更多的人口流入,有助于促进城市发展。李桂芝,一位普通的社区主任,她的故事,就是鹤岗棚户区改造这段历史的缩影。从粮食系统的工作到社区工作的转变,从平房到楼房的变迁,她的经历让我们得以窥见鹤岗市从过去到现在的巨大变化。李桂芝最早的工作是在粮食系统,但随着粮食行业的不景气,她于年被安排暂时停薪留职。同年,鹤岗市开始成立社区,李桂芝抓住了这个机会,应聘成为了北山三社区的社区主任。这一干就是年,直到年退休。“咱们过去盖那些(棚户区的)平房,谁舍得买水泥?”李桂芝回忆起早年家里盖平房的情景:“我们不是靠着北山嘛,就从山上挖点沙土和一些小白灰回来砌墙,水泥只用了一点点来勾墙缝。那时候的房子大多是泥巴房或者加盖房,砖头也不便宜,一般人家都舍不得买,就会用木头做个模子,把草剁碎了,和上黄泥,脱坯后用来盖坯房。”棚户区的社会管理工作具有挑战性,需时时刻刻警惕,防患于未然。棚户区居民自行占地建房,没有统一的规划和管理,存在许多隐患。对于北山办事处来说,居民房子都盖在山底下,一下大雨,山上的水就会迅速冲刷下来,给居民的生活带来诸多不便和安全隐患。雨季来临时,社区工作人员必须一大早就前往居民家中收集居民的联系电话,以便于紧急情况下联系。然而实际上,一旦下起大雨,社区工作者们往往也难以出门,无法到达现场,只能依赖消防和抗洪抢险的专业队伍来应对。“我们邻居家有个小姑娘,下大雨没来得及躲,被冲走了,好不容易才给找回来,住平房可吓人了。”李桂芝回忆道。那时,她已经担任了社区主任。每逢雨季,她都会亲自去居民家中提醒他们注意安全。她会询问哪些家庭愿意带头组织邻里与社区保持紧密联系,一旦情况紧急,就立即通过办事处书记向区里报告。与此同时,消防救援队伍也会准备沙袋、抽水机等物资,随时待命以应对突发的洪水灾害。棚户区的平房因为居民逐渐加盖而变得密集。当家庭成员增多,原有的住房空间不足时,居民便会自行扩建,结果导致房屋之间的通道狭窄,仅能供自行车通过。这样的布局一旦遭遇火灾,消防车根本无法抵达现场进行救援。冬季下大雪时,积雪容易导致屋顶坍塌。对于那些家中没有年轻人的家庭,社区工作者就得承担起清理屋顶积雪和救助被困的留守老人或儿童的责任。这些工作不仅繁琐,而且常常充满挑战,需要社区工作者具备高度的责任心和奉献精神。以前棚户区的社区并没有专门的办公场所,社区工作只能在家中进行,就连盖公章这样的公务也得去社区主任家里完成。李桂芝回忆说:“后来区政府给我们买了一个办公场所,是个平房,大约平方米,有两个房间和一个小院,门口有台阶。冬天,我们得轮流值班烧炉子,屋里才会有暖气。有一次我们礼拜天偷懒没去烧炉子,结果暖气管冻住了,周一上班就需要有人先来把暖气烤化了,要不就耽误办公。”她还提到了一次特别的座谈会:“还有一回,鹤岗市市长来北山开座谈会,选在了我们社区。不巧的是,那天正好下大雨,路被水淹了没法走。我们找了两台大翻斗车在路上铺沙子,结果雨太大又把沙子都冲走了。座谈会结束后,大家都被困在了社区,只能在屋里聊天等雨停。”李桂芝感慨地说:“这样的事我从小到大都经历过,我们家就在棚户区,后来棚户区改造就要盖成楼了,那真的是给老百姓乐坏了。”原来的平房被拆除,居民们得以免费搬进新楼房,从此没有了后顾之忧。无论是下大雨还是冬天严寒,他们都可以放心地待在家里,不再有暖气冻裂、房屋坍塌的危险。除了李桂芝所在的社区,鹤岗市郊的兴山区、兴安区、东山区和南山区也都经历了类似的“推倒重建”过程。拆迁的居民几乎每个人都获得了三到五套棚改房作为补偿。虽然大量新建的棚改房进入市场导致房价下降,但面对雨季房屋被冲毁、雪季屋顶坍塌等实际问题,改造工程的实施显得尤为迫切。这项民生工程在改善居民的生活条件和提升城市形象方面发挥了重要作用。三、不完全摒弃煤炭的转型鹤岗面临着资源枯竭和环境压力的双重挑战,其转型模式并不是完全摒弃煤炭产业,而是在此基础上寻求创新和升级。这种转型策略既考虑到了鹤岗长期依赖煤炭的实际情况,也体现了对传统产业进行现代化改造的思路。具体来说,鹤岗的煤炭产业仍然保持着相当的规模和影响力,煤炭产业增加值占据规模以上工业增加值的七、八成。不过,这并不意味着鹤岗对煤炭的依赖是永恒不变的。鹤岗市转型的新路径是以煤炭为基础,以石墨等新兴产业为新的增长引擎,同时发展现代农业和文旅产业,加强向北开放合作,以激发新的经济动能。这一战略旨在打破过去单纯依赖煤炭的局面,让经济更加多元化、更具活力。.鹤岗煤炭行业发展几经起伏鹤岗的煤炭行业发展史可以追溯到年石头河西岸煤田的发现,这为鹤岗的工业发展奠定了基础。年,时任鹤立岗测地委员沈松年向黑龙江省政府呈请开矿执照,并招股集资,筹建兴华煤矿公司。年月,鹤岗煤田正式以土法开采,并注册定名为“黑龙江省汤原县商办兴华煤矿有限公司”。年月日,商办兴华煤矿公司改为官商合办,并更名为鹤岗煤矿公司。鹤岗煤炭行业早期的开采方法主要依赖人工,虽然开采技术比较原始,但到年,鹤岗已生产了万吨原煤,逐渐从一个偏远的山村转型为工业重镇。“九一八事变”后,鹤岗的煤矿产业被伪满洲国实业部接管。在这一时期,鹤岗的煤炭产业经历了技术和管理上的变革,斜井的建成和采矿所的设立提升了产能。然而,这一时期也是鹤岗煤炭被大量掠夺的时期,年间共被掠夺煤炭万吨。随着鹤岗矿务局在年月日成立,鹤岗的煤炭行业进入战后恢复期,开始重视工人权益和教育,成立了工会组织和干部培养学校。至年,鹤岗生产了大量优质动力煤,为国家的军事和经济建设做出了贡献。新中国成立后,鹤岗的煤炭行业迎来了新的发展机遇。原煤产量突破万吨大关,创下了历史新高。在国家的“一五”计划期间,鹤岗承接了多个重要的煤炭项目,新型斜井和竖井建成投产,鹤岗煤炭行业加快了现代化进程。年,鹤岗煤炭年产量一举突破千万吨大关,跨入了全国个千万吨大局的行列。后续新一煤矿的改扩建和俊德竖井的投产进一步提升了产能。年,鹤岗矿务局年产达到了万吨,这一生产水平保持到年,鹤岗矿务局走入了企业发展历史的鼎盛期。进入世纪后,鹤岗开始实施地方煤矿整顿。年月日,鹤岗矿业集团有限责任公司、鹤岗煤矿集团有限公司同时成立,年开始重组,年,龙煤鹤岗矿业有限责任公司注册成立。年鹤岗被列为资源枯竭型城市后,其煤矿资源开发也进入后期,面临着资源枯竭和环境压力的双重挑战。鹤岗开始探索转型,派人到全国各地优秀能源企业进行实地调研学习,探索高质量发展路径。

The current situation of the coal industry in Hegang, which is difficult to change rapidly, According to the Statistical Bulletin on the National Economic and Social Development of Hegang City for the year, the city's raw coal production reached 30.1 million tons in the year, an increase of 1.6% year-on-year. Looking at the data for the year, the city's raw coal production in the year was 31.6 million tons, an increase of 4.8% year-on-year, indicating a growing trend in the coal industry. In the short term, the coal industry remains the main driving force for maintaining growth in Hegang City, and this situation is difficult to change rapidly.

.“煤头化尾”产业转型鹤岗市的煤炭行业转型模式并不是完全摒弃这一传统行业,而是通过多种措施来提升其质量和效益。这些措施包括提高煤炭开采效率、发展煤炭深加工和精细化工、推动煤炭的清洁利用等。其中,实施“煤头化尾”战略尤为关键,这一战略旨在推进煤炭的精深加工,延长煤炭产业链条,提升其价值。对于小产量或即将达到开采临界值的矿井,鹤岗市采取了关闭矿井停止生产、出台激励政策、提供多元化政策支持等手段,以加快煤炭行业的结构调整。“煤头化尾”战略作为鹤岗市煤炭产业转型的关键路径,指的是通过化学加工转化,将煤炭转化为气体、液体和固体等形态的产品,如合成气、甲醇、乙二醇和肥料等,以此实现煤炭资源的高效利用和价值最大化。鹤岗目前正在推进多个与“煤头化尾”相关的项目,以实现行业的转型升级。其中包括同吉新能源活性炭项目、京安焦化产业链延伸项目、征楠煤化工万吨焦化及配套项目的开工建设,以及中海油华鹤增值复合肥项目的建成投产。在“煤头化尾”战略实施过程中,中海石油华鹤煤化有限公司(下称“中海油华鹤”)被定义为核心示范企业,以煤化工装置为核心,延伸产业链,向高端肥料、节能降碳等方向拓展。中海油华鹤重点投建的年产万吨绿色增值复合肥项目近期已顺利投产,该项目单位产品的综合能耗为.千克标煤/吨,低于准入值,这是他们对于提升能源效率的实践,也是对环保的承诺。对于农业而言,复合肥可以提供农作物所需的全面营养,还能有效降低化肥使用量,减轻对土地资源的压力,保护东北黑土地。对于鹤岗产业的转型升级而言,中海石油华鹤这样大型央企的入驻无疑为城市发展注入了活力。自年投产以来,中海油华鹤在黑龙江的运营已超过年。在这年里,该企业填补了黑龙江省东部大型尿素生产的空白,稳定了整个区域的化肥市场。在中海油华鹤进入鹤岗之前,黑龙江省东部地区并没有大型尿素生产企业,而西部地区的尿素产能也相对较小。据统计,黑龙江省的耕地面积高达.亿亩,每年对氮、磷、钾等肥料的需求总量约为万吨,其中氮肥的需求量在万至万吨之间。中海油华鹤每年能生产万吨尿素,占据了黑龙江市场%至%的份额。这一产能的释放,极大地稳定了东北地区的化肥市场价格,为农民降低了生产成本。根据中海油华鹤的统计数据,自投产以来,公司每年平均为东北地区农民降低氮肥购买成本约至元/吨。这一降价效应为东北农民节省了大量的运费和生产成本,累计节省金额高达亿元/年,满足了当地农业对氮肥的巨大需求,对整个黑龙江省的化肥市场格局产生了影响。对于鹤岗的“煤头化尾”战略,维持可持续发展其实面临诸多挑战,尤其是在环保方面,高排放和高污染是煤化工行业存在的尤为突出的两个问题。为了改善这一状况,企业需要进行巨大的经济投入以实现环保改造。例如,中海油华鹤在水处理方面投入万元,以确保排放水水质符合环保标准。这种投入并非一次性,而是随着环保标准的提高持续进行。鹤岗有不少民营煤化工企业因无法承担持续的环保投入而不得不退出市场。对于中小型民营企业来说,如何有效应对环保投入带来的经济压力已成为一个迫切需要解决的问题。在此背景下,政府和社会各界的支持与关注显得尤为重要。政府可以通过制定差异化的环保政策、提供专项资金支持和税收减免等措施,减轻中小型民营企业的经济负担。同时,社会各界也可以通过技术创新、资源共享和合作共赢等方式,为中小型民营企业提供更多可行的解决方案和持续的发展动力。四、产业多元化转型——石墨崛起鹤岗的主要工业行业虽然还是煤炭开采和洗选业,但是对新兴行业的探索正在走上正轨,努力减少对传统产业的依赖。发展石墨行业成为了鹤岗的选择。得益于储量大、品位高、易采选,以及全球对石墨等新能源材料的需求,在技术创新、市场需求和政策支持的共同推动下,鹤岗石墨产业链已形成。年,鹤岗石墨采选业增加值同比增长.%,表现出强劲的增长势头,有望成为鹤岗经济未来发展的新引擎。.石墨产业链形成的条件石墨产业链的形成依赖于多种关键条件。丰富的石墨资源是基础,市场需求与满足市场需求的能力是先决条件,政府的统一规划与支持为产业发展提供了政策保障,科技创新团队的引进推动产业的技术进步和高质量发展。在这些因素的共同作用下,鹤岗的石墨产业链正在形成和壮大。()丰富的石墨资源黑龙江省作为我国石墨资源的重要产地,约占全国储量的%,主要分布在鸡西、鹤岗、七台河、双鸭山、牡丹江等地。其中,鹤岗市萝北县云山石墨矿区作为亚洲最大的天然石墨矿,覆盖范围约平方公里,现已探明的矿石储量高达.亿吨,其中,晶质石墨资源小鳞片石墨占比高达%左右。这种小鳞片石墨在加工球形石墨和负极材料方面具有能耗低、振实高、产出率高等优势,有利于负极材料的性能控制和成本控制。对于丰富的石墨资源进行合理利用是石墨产业链形成的首要条件。为了更有效地开发和利用这些资源,鹤岗于年引入了中国五矿集团,通过集中开采和统一供应的方式,提升了开采的规模和集约化水平。这一举措让鹤岗成为全球最大的晶质石墨生产基地,降低了下游选矿成本,确保了我国新能源材料产业链的安全。现在,全国超过%的天然石墨负极原材料都来自鹤岗,有力地保障了国内石墨产业的原料供应。()满足新能源行业需求的能力锂电池负极材料是锂离子电池的重要组成部分,其性能直接影响电池的储能效果和应用范围。随着新能源产业的快速发展,锂电池负极材料尤其是石墨负极材料的需求日益增长,这为鹤岗市转型发展石墨产业提供了良好的契机。在锂电池负极材料的生产过程中,上游阶段主要包括原材料的采集和特定设备的使用。天然石墨矿石因其独特的物理和化学特性,在负极材料的生产中占据着举足轻重的地位。这些矿石经过破碎、筛分、提纯等一系列工艺处理后,被加工成满足生产要求的颗粒状。在中游制造加工阶段,这些颗粒将被进一步用于生产天然石墨负极、人造石墨负极、复合石墨负极等不同类型的负极材料。

鹤岗的石墨产业自年以来实现快速增长,企业数量从家增加到家,同时产能也大幅提升,矿石处理规模从每年万吨增长到万吨,石墨精粉产能达到万吨,深加工产品年产能高达万吨。目前,鹤岗的石墨产业已经初步形成了新能源材料、石墨烯应用材料和密封散热材料三条产业链,产品种类也从单一的石墨精粉、球形石墨拓展到了负极材料、高纯石墨、膨胀石墨、石墨纸、石墨烯粉体、石墨烯润滑油、动力电池等多种产品,呈现出多元化发展趋势。年,鹤岗的石墨及其相关产业产值达到.亿元,比上一年增长.%,占全市规模以上工业的比重达到.%,逐渐成为该市仅次于煤炭产业的第二大经济支柱。()政府的统一规划与支持政府的统一规划为产业发展提供了政策支持和基础设施保障。黑龙江省及鹤岗市政府对石墨产业发展给予了大力支持,提供了良好的政策环境和发展机遇。近年来,鹤岗市委、市政府把石墨产业作为城市转型的关键环节和重要支撑,编制《黑龙江省鹤岗市石墨产业发展规划》和《鹤岗石墨新材料产业园区总体规划》,建设鹤岗、萝北两大园区。鹤岗以“绿色化、集群化、高端化”为发展理念,力求最大化石墨资源和现有产业的优势。这两个园区对于从石墨资源的开采到材料的加工,再到最终的应用进行了详细的规划。鹤岗石墨新材料产业园区被分为了、、三个片区,总面积接近公顷。其中,和区主要发展石墨新材料产业,而区则专注于石墨的精深加工和高新技术产业。为了确保园区的顺利运营,政府规划了完善的基础设施,包括道路、管网、污水处理厂等。现在,一些重点项目,比如石墨基负极材料联创基地和配套的污水处理厂已陆续建成投入使用。萝北经济开发区规划面积达到了公顷。()科技创新团队的引进科技创新是推动产业链向更广阔领域和更深层次发展的关键。为了促进产业的长期可持续发展,鹤岗市引进科技创新团队,打造了国家级的石墨和碳材料科技研发平台,专注于新能源材料和石墨烯制品等领域的技术研究与产业孵化。通过与清华大学、北京理工大学和哈尔滨工业大学等顶尖院校合作,一起攻关“石墨资源开采加工源头减量关键技术”和“晶质石墨提纯与精深加工技术研究”等关键技术,旨在从源头实现固废减量化和资源化,突破提纯技术瓶颈,促进产业的高质量发展。这些项目已被列入国家的“十三五”和“十四五”重点研发计划。其中,“石墨资源开采加工过程固废源头减量关键技术与示范”国家重点研发计划项目圆满通过结题验收,全面完成预期目标。此外,鹤岗成功引入了振金石墨烯研究院,由荣获“中国电介质物理终身成就奖”的工程院院士雷清泉带领的科研团队成功研发了石墨烯电力复合脂产品。该产品主要应用于高铁、轨道交通等领域,并已在青藏铁路唐古拉段以及黑龙江和甘肃省的电网公司进行试用推广。为进一步解决石墨全产业链“卡脖子”关键技术,鹤岗还引进了俄罗斯专家团队和沈政昌院士团队,加速石墨新材料的研发和成果转化。.石墨产业发展中企业的力量如果说资源的储量、资金与政策倾斜以及项目支持是鹤岗石墨产业链形成的先决条件,那么产业的进一步发展与市场的形成则离不开企业的力量。企业的入驻推动鹤岗产业链转型,助力产业链的完善和提升,带来了先进的技术和管理经验,促进了当地就业和人才培养,为当地经济发展注入新的活力。这种作用体现在当前的经济增长上,也体现在鹤岗的长期发展中。()特大型国企的支撑从我国资源型城市的发展历程来看,这类城市的经济往往依赖特大型国有企业的支撑。这些国企规模大、产业链完整、技术先进、人才聚集,为地方的核心产业提供了支持,也带来了巨大的市场价值。例如,山西省的大同市,其经济长期依赖大同煤矿集团(同煤集团)这一特大型国有企业。同煤集团不仅是大同市煤炭产业的主导者,也是该市财政收入的重要来源,对当地就业、基础设施建设和社会福利等方面都有深远影响。类似的情况也出现在其他资源型城市中,就像大庆油田有限责任公司之于大庆市,阳煤集团之于阳泉市,淮北矿业集团之于淮北市等。同样,作为煤炭资源型城市,黑龙江龙煤鹤岗矿业有限责任公司对于鹤岗的发展也是意义非凡。这些特大型国有企业在资源型城市中的地位和作用,使得它们的运营状况对整个城市的经济社会发展具有决定性影响。当这些企业运营良好时,能够带动城市经济繁荣、提供大量就业机会并促进基础设施建设。推动新的资源开发与产业链构筑,引进特大型国有企业是有效途径之一。在石墨产业链建设上,鹤岗也沿用了这一发展路径,引进了中国五矿。中国五矿集团(黑龙江)石墨产业有限公司(下称“五矿”)于年月入驻鹤岗,旨在打造石墨资源绿色开发、智能采矿、选矿、球形、高纯、负极材料及新材料研发的全产业链。到年月,五矿完成了萝北云山石墨矿区个矿权(个探矿权,个采矿权)的资源整合,矿山生产能力达到万吨/年,实现了规模化和集约化开发。年月,萝北云山石墨矿区成功入选国家绿色矿业发展示范区。“绿色”“智能”“因地制宜”是五矿打造“+工业互联网”露天石墨矿过程中体现出的三大特点。五矿运用及边缘算力,直接对一线数据进行处理和分析,将高新技术与矿山生产实际融合,实现因地制宜的数字化管理,节省了传输数据所需的时间和资源,让全流程少人、无人化生产落到实处。五矿采用“集中开采,统一供应”的石墨资源开发模式,注重开采的规模化与集约化,促进了鹤岗地区石墨矿产资源的有效整合,在实现绿色开发的同时,降低下游选矿成本,保障我国新能源材料产业链安全。“因地制宜”还体现在科技创新与应用研究方面。五矿加大在石墨产业方面的科研投入,聚焦对于“卡脖子”技术的攻关。为此,五矿在黑龙江成立了石墨应用技术研发中心,吸纳多位博士常驻萝北矿区现场。“博士团”的研发人员能够直接接触到石墨矿的开采、加工过程,获取到第一手的研究资料。这些资料对于理解石墨的性质、优化加工流程、开发新的应用技术等方面具有不可替代的作用。通过实时观察、记录和分析,研发人员可以更快地发现问题、提出解决方案,并持续改进技术。每个矿区的地质条件、石墨品质、开采方式等都有所不同。常驻现场的研发人员可以根据萝北矿区的具体情况进行有针对性的研究。这种“因地制宜”可以让实验室里或者书面上的科研成果更加有效地转化为实际应用。“博士团”的研发人员可以与生产团队共同探讨如何将新技术、新工艺应用到生产过程中,提高生产效率和质量。他们还可以与当地的石墨企业、行业协会等建立联系,推广新的技术和产品,促进产业升级。对于企业人才培养与团队建设而言,这种让高端人才入驻矿区一线、不同团队“混搭”协作的模式,可以让人才在工作中看到更多可能,愿意去不断提升自己的专业技能和团队协作能力,这对于公司长期可持续发展有利。因地制宜提高了研发与应用的效率,有助于当地资源发挥最大作用,促进产业的可持续发展。目前,五矿石墨连续三年获得国家重点研发计划及重大科技项目的支持。通过与国内余家顶尖高校和科研院所的紧密合作,五矿石墨在天然石墨新能源材料、功能性材料等领域取得了显著的技术研发成果和成果转化。中国五矿石墨公司的高纯石墨连续式高温纯化炉已启动运行,突破石墨高温纯化“卡脖子”关键技术,可快速将石墨纯度提升到.%以上。这些成果延伸了鹤岗的石墨产业链,又凭借龙头企业的引领作用,带动了下游企业新能源新材料项目在鹤岗落户发展,促进城市转型。()专而精的持续探索在我国现代产业链的共生群落中,特大型国有企业相当于“头雁”,起到领飞的作用,带领着产业链中的其他企业一起发展,为地方提供必要的支持和资源,共同面对市场的挑战。年鹤岗市对中国五矿的引入,其实相当于为当地石墨的现代产业链找到了“头雁”,让发展方向更明确。对于整个石墨产业链的发展,引进民营企业、扶持中小企业其实是鹤岗一直在做的事。鹤岗石墨产业兴起于上世纪八十年代末,积累了深厚的产业基础和产业经验。截至年月,鹤岗市培育入规企业户,户企业被认定为省级“专精特新”中小企业。石墨产品已经由单一的石墨精粉、球形石墨等初级产品,拓展至高纯石墨、负极材料以及石墨烯粉体、石墨烯润滑油等高附加值产品。在石墨新能源材料产业链上形成了从采矿、选矿、球形到负极的全产业链。笔者走访了黑龙江海达新材料科技有限公司(下称“海达新材料”)和萝北奥星新材料有限公司(下称“奥星新材料”)两家石墨行业“专精特新”中小企业。他们均得到了鹤岗市政府的大力支持,发展路径各具特色。——案例:企业成长与城市产业发展的有效链接——以海达新材料为例黑龙江海达新材料科技有限公司是一家专注于石墨产业的企业,于年月在鹤岗市注册成立。海达新材料公司入驻鹤岗并非偶然。鹤岗市政府给予的优惠政策为企业提供了良好的发展环境,而企业也看中了鹤岗的石墨资源和市场潜力,决定在这里投资建设高纯石墨及锂离子电池负极材料项目。海达新材料投资.亿元建设的(二期)高纯石墨及锂离子电池负极材料项目原本是要运到山东去加工。然而,鹤岗市政府以极大的诚意争取让项目落地鹤岗。鹤岗市政府通过提供一系列支持措施,解决企业生产问题,促进项目顺利进行,为企业的稳定发展提供保障。随着海达新材料的不断发展壮大,鹤岗的石墨产业链也得到了完善和提升。企业填补了黑龙江省高端天然石墨负极材料的空白,为当地经济发展带来了新的增长点。年,海达新材料被认定为黑龙江省“专精特新”中小企业、国家高新技术企业。海达新材料的成长与鹤岗石墨产业的发展,实现了当地资源优势和企业投资能力的有效链接。案例:专注创新研发,走适合自己的发展道路——以奥星新材料为例奥星新材料成立于年月日,致力于研发、生产与销售一体化的发展道路。拥有已授权发明专利项、实用新型专利项。奥星新材料在石墨负极材料专业技术领域的探索是扎实的。年承担黑龙江省重大科技招标项目(项目名称《天然石墨负极材料生产关键技术及电池制造》),年承担黑龙江省重点研发计划(项目名称《抗低温含硅天然石墨负极材料》)。年和年,公司连续被工信部评定为国家“专精特新”小巨人企业和国家第一批重点“专精特新”小巨人企业。奥星新材料负责人表示,与其他行业不同,石墨生产无法完全复制现有的数字化与智能化模式。这就需要企业独立创新,探索出一条适合自己的发展道路。奥星新材料的发展路径是分三步走的:第一步是数据采集,通过智能管理软件,将车间的电流、生产量等关键数据实时传输到数据中心。这将省去了传统的报工、抄表等繁琐环节,让生产数据一目了然。第二步是利用这些数据指导生产,通过中控系统对生产过程进行精准控制,减少人员依赖。第三步则是实现智能化,让机器通过大数据和人工智能算法自我学习、自我调整,最终实现自动化生产。现阶段,对于石墨行业的中小企业而言,实施数字化与智能化的成本非常高。奥星新材料负责人表示,与煤炭、石油等资源相关的行业相比,石墨行业其实很小,能实现自动化的机械都需要定制。石墨行业的数字化转型并非简单的技术外包或设备引入。以石墨产业的前端选矿环节为例,对于能够即时传输探测泡沫密度等关键数据的仪器设备,目前国内市场仍存在空白。专门为石墨前端选矿研发定制仪器,不仅适用范围有限、成本高昂,还可能给中下游企业带来长期的经济压力。面对这一挑战,奥星新材料的解决方案是积极寻找并合作具有相关技术积累的行业伙伴,如制药或机械加工企业。通过对这些行业现有仪器进行有针对性的改造和优化,逐步提升前端选矿的数字化水平。这一策略既考虑到了当前的行业需求和技术瓶颈,也为未来的技术创新和市场拓展留下了空间。——鹤岗正逐步推动石墨产业参与主体的多元化,大中小型国企、民企均受到政策倾斜与扶持,以促进该产业的全面发展。现阶段,鹤岗的石墨产业相关项目涉及高纯石墨、负极材料、石墨烯润滑油等多个领域,且多数已进入试生产或即将投产阶段,在促进地方经济发展方面发挥出巨大价值,为鹤岗市带来了新的增长点和发展机遇。.现阶段石墨产业发展的短板()产业链条亟待拓展当前,鹤岗市的石墨产业发展主要局限于低附加值领域,主导产品仍以原材料级鳞片石墨为主,整个石墨产业尚处于研发和工业化生产的初级阶段,企业间尚未形成紧密的产业关联,更像是低层次的“企业孤岛”,而非协同发展的产业链。这导致产业缺乏围绕分工合作进行的规模化、专业化、链条化和智能化生产,尤其缺乏高技术、高附加值的高端石墨产品。即便有规模化的石墨深加工产品,也大多局限于价值链低端的未提纯球形石墨,与高端产品相比价格相差悬殊。因此,鹤岗市在发挥石墨资源优势和打造石墨产业强市方面仍有巨大的潜力有待挖掘。()技术瓶颈制约行业发展提纯问题是阻碍鹤岗市石墨产业链向下游精深加工延伸的关键瓶颈。在化学提纯方面,工业废水的处理成为一大难题。而在高温提纯方面,高昂的用电成本成为另一大障碍。不过,随着五矿国华“源网荷储服”一体化项目的推进,有望显著降低企业用电成本,从而突破石墨产品提纯的瓶颈制约。五、资源型城市如何应对转型过程中的挑战资源型城市转型是中国工业化和城市化进程中最初出现的重要战略问题之一。它对促进中国经济增长方式转变、协调区域发展、促进高质量发展具有重要意义。纵观全球资源型城市的转型实践,产业转型作为城市转型的核心内容得到了各国的高度关注,尽管这些城市在背景、制度条件、成长阶段、参与主体、战略措施等方面都存在显著差异。与这些城市相比,中国资源型城市除了面临国外资源型城市普遍存在的产业结构单一、失业、生态污染等问题外,还面临体制改革、政策体系完善、历史遗留问题解决等问题。中国资源型城市的产业转型作为一项复杂的系统工程,既要借鉴发达国家的成功经验,又要结合中国资源型城市的特点,积极从产业转型理论和战略措施中寻找适合中国资源型城市的思路。鹤岗作为中国典型的煤炭资源型城市,集中反映了许多共性。.打破资源依赖,尽早启动可持续转型与其他加工型、服务型和知识型产业相比,资源型产业的总产值和净利润并不总是呈正相关关系,随着资源储量的减少和开采难度的增加,资源型产业的边际利润降低。此外,随着开采强度和开采时间的增加,积累的劳动力、设备和资金越来越大,积累的开采生态问题越来越严重。这些发展特征表明,城市的产业转型应在该地区进入资源枯竭期之前实施。如果不及早启动,不仅会危及城市经济的可持续发展和社会稳定,还会大大增加转型的成本和难度。城市转型是城市发展的重要阶段,它既是机遇也是挑战。在鹤岗的转型中,我们也看到了城市正在努力解决资源依赖、财政压力、产业路径不明、基础设施滞后、矿山所处的偏远地区管理难题以及生态环境恶化等多重问题。应对这些挑战,需要政府、企业和社会各界的共同努力,采取一系列切实可行的措施。

Adjusting the industrial structure and extending the industrial chain Resource-based cities extending their industrial chains does not mean simply transforming a single-sector-dominated structure into a diversified industrial structure or completely replacing it. For resource-based cities that have not yet entered the depletion stage, the dominant position of the resource industry is irreplaceable for a long period. Therefore, industrial transformation should be carried out step by step. Extending the resource industrial chain is a practical step towards developing diversified industries. However, it is important to note that industrial extension is a transitional model of industrial transformation, with downstream industries still relying on regional resource advantages. Therefore, cities should reasonably arrange the scale of development and extension steps under the premise of considering market demand and sufficient regional resource supply, which can avoid the accumulation of excess labor and capital in the resource industry. Adjusting the industrial structure is one of the keys to Hegang's sustainable development. Hegang's non-coal industries are still weak, and the dominant position of the coal industry is difficult to change in the long term. Hegang is promoting industrial structure diversification and enhancing the support of alternative industries to the city's economy by cultivating and developing non-coal alternative industries, such as modern agriculture, equipment manufacturing, new materials, and high-end services. Taking Hegang's vigorously supported graphite industry as an example, we can see that Hegang is further increasing the proportion of locally produced graphite products, aligning the local economy more with the graphite industry. The government provides project and policy support for enterprises that want to enter the graphite industry, helping them develop, promoting the extension of the graphite industrial chain, and laying the foundation for a healthy and diverse industrial structure. Promoting institutional reforms and enhancing economic development vitality The industrial transformation of resource-based cities not only faces the adjustment of industrial structure but also involves institutional reforms. The economy of resource-based cities in Northeast China generally relies on state-owned economy, with insufficient development of the private economy. Due to the government's long-term implementation of resource planning and allocation, these resource-based cities have formed an unreasonable price system, resource tax system, and fragmented administrative management system. It is difficult for the cities to achieve industrial transformation solely by their own strength and requires the leadership and support of the central government. At the same time, local governments also need to stimulate their own internal driving forces to solve the issue of state-owned asset management, rather than relying solely on central policies and financial support. In the case of Hegang, the extension of its industrial chain has received policy倾斜 and project support from the local government, and this "top-down" transformation incentive model is efficient in Hegang's industrial transformation. We can see the role of local governments in further integrating mining enterprise resources, such as promoting diversified investment entities, enhancing the market competitiveness of enterprises, and further regulating the market. At the same time, local governments are working to guide the participation of non-public and small-medium enterprises in industrial transformation, establishing a complete and long-term industrial system for resource-based cities. References: Kou Tiejun, Cui Huiyu. Reflections on the institutional reforms for revitalizing the old industrial bases in Northeast China. Journal of Guangdong University of Business Studies, (). Xie Wen. The transformation of the industrial unit system society in Northeast China from a historical sociology perspective. Open Times, (). Chen Xiaodong. Key issues in the revitalization of Northeast China from the perspective of innovation and development in old industrial bases in the U.S. and Europe. Journal of Zhongzhou, (). Wang Chengjin, Li Xumao, Xie Yongshun, et al. Strategic paths for high-quality development in Northeast China under the new era. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, (), (). Hegang Statistical Bulletin on National Economic and Social Development from 2019 to 2021. Hegang Bureau of Statistics. Li Yingdi. The people who left. Shanghai: Wenhui Press, 2021. Wang Jionghui. "Carbon reduction through carbon" – Discussion on the optimization of natural graphite negative electrode material properties. Mining and Metallurgy, (). Zhang Mengshuo, Zhang Pingyu, Li He. Performance characteristics and evaluation methods of economic transformation in resource-based cities – Empirical research based on Northeast China. Journal of Natural Resources, (), (). (The cover image source of this article: First Financial) —Producer Yang Yudong Planning Yu Jian Chief Writer Li Ye Editor Yu Ming Review Yu Jian, Ma Shaozhi Contact us

recommended reading

Weekend Mega News! Ministry of Finance Speaks Out!

** **

**
**

[

](https://m.yicai.com/promotion/)

author-gravatar

Author: Emma

An experienced news writer, focusing on in-depth reporting and analysis in the fields of economics, military, technology, and warfare. With over 20 years of rich experience in news reporting and editing, he has set foot in various global hotspots and witnessed many major events firsthand. His works have been widely acclaimed and have won numerous awards.

This post has 5 comments:

Leave a comment: