Change the design ideas of optimal intellectual property protection strategies with "heterogeneous protection" as the core. Optimization of the "three enhancements" law enforcement and protection system based on "dual-track protection mechanism coordination". The right to speak on international intellectual property rules based on "regional production network-led" has been enhanced.

Huang Xianhai, Vice President of Zhejiang University

■ Huang Xianhai Yu Xiao

With the rapid development of today's knowledge-based economy and digital economy, the proportion of intangible assets in trade in goods and services continues to increase, and the determination mechanism for foreign trade competitiveness has begun to undergo major changes. It is represented by intellectual property rights, technology, talents, data, etc. It is not an "acquired" factor endowment that is born and needs to be acquired through certain channels, because it presents a completely different marginal return increase characteristic from traditional natural factor endowments. And become a new driving force and core driving force for a country's trade competitiveness.

The essence of today's international trade competition has evolved into competition for intellectual property rights among various countries. Intellectual property protection has not only become a key factor for countries to safeguard their own international trade gains, but has also gradually developed into a core bargaining chip for countries to restrict each other's trade competitiveness.

01

There are practical constraints to improving foreign trade competitiveness through intellectual property protection

Against the background of the current world's major changes unseen in a century, there are the following domestic and international practical constraints to enhance foreign trade competitiveness through intellectual property protection.

Judging from domestic reality ,以“平齐型保护”为核心的保护体系设计思路难以为“获得型”贸易竞争力形成提供充足动力。改革开放以来,中国通过借鉴国外相关法律法规而在短时间内快速形成了立法、司法和行政三位一体的知识产权保护体系,具有起点高、标准严、与国际接轨早的优势。但是,这一形成过程并未充分考虑到中国技术发展水平的阶段性特征,导致错配性保护的情形时有发生,如中国专利法实施30多年来,超过九成的专利判决采取了法定赔偿方式,平均判赔额仅约为8万元,相较于美国专利诉讼中平均判赔金额约500余万美元的差距明显,这不仅无法对侵犯知识产权行为产生强有力的威慑作用,同时也难以提升企业的知识产权意识与创新意愿。在“司法—行政”双轨制运行的执法保护体系中,行政执法在中国幅员辽阔、知识产权案件日益增加的大背景下,因具有处理及时、解决迅速、自愿执行率高等优势,而成为司法审判的有力辅助,但也受限于两者因程序混杂、标准不统一等导致协作保护效率低下和循环诉讼等问题,加之地区执法水平与保护意识的不均衡性,进一步凸显了知识产权保护难以最大化创新激励效应、提升对外贸易竞争力的核心痛点。

from the perspective of the International environment ,全球产业链布局思维更迭加剧中国在高技术领域的“脱钩断链”风险与知识产权国际规则话语权持续缺失风险。在经历世纪疫情全球性蔓延冲击与区域贸易保护主义不断抬头之后,供应环节全球性分散抑或集中在某一国家和地区的潜在风险被充分揭示,全球产业链分工的互利共赢不再是分工重点,政治利益反而成为强行阻断全球供应链正常运转的借口,安全及风险意识被深度融入后疫情时期的全球产业链重构逻辑中。以美国为首的西方发达经济体基于自身在经济和科技发展方面所具有的先发优势和垄断地位,以知识产权问题为借口推动知识产权保护全球治理,频繁采取对他国科技与经济发展的遏制措施,如以进口产品是否侵犯知识产权、是否强制技术转让等为由对中国企业开展的“337调查”“301调查”等,旨在实现自身“利益优先”目标,意在迫使中国与当前全球生产网络脱钩,从而维护自身在国际分工中的垄断地位。本轮中美贸易摩擦也从侧面反映出中国知识产权国际规则治理的话语权明显缺失,国内国际制度间的协调也相当不足,致使缺乏有效的知识产权国际保护体系来保障对外贸易竞争力的提升。

02

Accelerate the construction of a higher-level intellectual property protection system and create new advantages in foreign trade competition

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to "strengthen the legal protection of intellectual property rights and form a basic system to support comprehensive innovation." This paper puts forward the following countermeasures and suggestions aimed at accelerating the construction of a higher-level intellectual property protection system and promoting the formation of new advantages in foreign trade competition.

Change the design ideas of optimal intellectual property protection strategies with "heterogeneous protection" as the core. 随着中国经济进入高质量发展阶段,通过推进知识产权保护建设助力形成新型对外贸易竞争力,内在地要求我们立足自身经济发展的阶段性特征,构建与发展水平相适应的知识产权保护制度。具体而言,可从技术阶梯与知识产权保护依赖度二重异质性视角设计最优知识产权保护策略,破解传统“平齐型保护”可能存在的缺乏保护灵活性、创新激励政策低效等问题。

First, 对处于准前沿技术阶梯且为高知识产权保护敏感度的行业,可施行重创造、强保护的“创新型”策略。通过采取较短的保护长度以及较宽的保护范围与侵权惩罚标准,保证领先企业先进技术的市场收益权,提高侵权成本,以短期高收益激发企业长期创新动力,助力中国成为国际前沿技术的“策源地”,打造一批新兴赛道的全球产业链“链主”,同时通过“示范效应”激励其他行业企业向上追赶,最终提升整体技术水平。

the second ,对处于准前沿技术阶梯但为低知识产权保护敏感度的行业,可施行重规制、自保护的“自律型”策略,即要加快完善此类非技术创新的知识产权界定,拓展保护类政策覆盖范围或增添知识产权类别,并联合行业协会、行业内龙头企业建立创新成果的行业管理标准,为企业保护创新成果提供规则基础。

the third ,对处于远离前沿技术阶梯但为高知识产权保护敏感度的行业,可施行重溢出、弱保护的“发展型”策略,在深入了解国际知识产权保护规则的基础上,积极寻求、利用这些法律条款和规则协议的“例外条款”,不断积累自身技术水平。

the fourth ,对处于远离前沿技术阶梯且为低知识产权保护敏感度的行业,可施行重转化、窄保护的“应用型”策略,通过采取适当的保护长度和宽度,适度缩短知识产权保护期限,缩窄保护范围,将落脚点放在知识产权创新成果的转化与运用中,扩大行业的市场规模与整体质量。

Optimization of the "three enhancements" law enforcement and protection system based on "dual-track protection mechanism coordination". 建立健全知识产权司法审判与行政执法间的联合保护协调机制,不断增进知识产权的“保护效率”“保护威慑”与“保护意识”,从而为贸易竞争力提升打下坚实保护基础。

First, 进一步明确司法审判与行政执法的功能定位,通过建立各类知识产权侵权案件的衔接渠道,形成公认的执法办案程序规则和证据采集标准。实施差异化的双轨制成本干预,提升司法案源质量,降低逆向选择风险,同时降低行政保护成本,增强公共服务普及性。匹配建立双轨制执法保护演进形态和综合效率变化动态监测体系,做实知识产权“三审合一”审判模式,协同提升保护规范性与案件处理整体效率。

Second, 释放司法保护的制度活力与示范效应,提升司法诉讼成本,不断推广优化惩罚性赔偿制度,通过加大赔偿力度、提高赔偿数额,增强对知识产权侵权行为的遏制和威慑作用。同时,要更加关注案件办理质效,集中精力精审疑难复杂案件,勇于瞄准国际前沿和先进规则,作出更多在国际上具有规则引领性的司法裁判。

Third, 运用数字技术构建多途径、常态化的国际国内宣传机制以及应对知识产权纠纷的信息共享、预警和应诉机制,不断提升经济个体的知识产权保护意识,实现从“要我保护”到“我要保护”的转变。

The right to speak on international intellectual property rules based on "regional production network-led" has been enhanced. 后疫情时期,贸易保护主义的不断抬头从根本上变革了全球产业链的构建理念,即由过去追求交易成本最低原则转变为追求社会成本最低原则,产业链安全可控性成为生产环节、片段和工序区域配置的重要标准,未来区域生产网络将成为兼顾效率与公平的均衡解。

First, use regional production networks to take the lead in improving the international voice and international governance level of intellectual property rules. 基于在数字经济、智能制造、新能源等多领域的技术先发优势,通过构建“以我为主”的区域分工网络,制定并提出相关技术规则,提前布局知识产权国际网络以形成技术壁垒,进而有效提升中国的对外贸易竞争优势。另一方面,应充分利用“一带一路”倡议,同时深度参与RCEP、CPTPP等多边贸易协定,以此为契机宣传知识产权发展的“中国实践”,分享知识产权保护的“中国经验”,提出知识产权规则的“中国方案”。

Second, use the regional production network as a hub to connect international intellectual property rules and standards on a reciprocal basis. 不断推进区域生产网络内的知识产权保护制度一体化,谋划发展中国家知识产权联盟和跨地区性国际组织,引导签订体现公平公正的各项知识产权区域协定,以此为基础合理、对等地对标衔接国际知识产权规则与标准,为企业“走出去”保驾护航。

Third, accelerate the construction of intellectual property overseas service platforms and focus on implementing the negative list system for intellectual property overseas risks. 探索在重点贸易国家(地区)建设国家海外知识产权纠纷应对指导中心海外分中心,依托国家海外知识产权信息服务平台“智南针”网,开展重点产业领域海外知识产权风险实时监测,定期发布知识产权海外风险负面清单,实现海外知识产权信息的高效流转和共享,为企业提供及时的海外知识产权风险防控与纠纷应对指导服务,形成海外纠纷应对服务网络体系。

(Huang Xianhai:Vice President of Zhejiang University; Yu Xiao:Associate Professor, School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhejiang Gongshang University)

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