In the context of addressing climate change, the global energy landscape is accelerating its reshaping. What opportunities and challenges do China have? What progress and development has been made in China's energy system? What measures have been taken to accelerate the promotion of green and low-carbon technologies... Regarding a series of important issues in the energy field, a reporter from the "Financial and Economic Circle" interviewed Lu Wenbin, director of the Energy Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission. He said that carbon dioxide emissions from China's energy activities account for more than 80% of the carbon dioxide emissions of the whole society. After the "double carbon" goal is proposed, it is even more urgent to accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system. For China, to properly handle the relationship between current and long-term, planning and advancement, we must establish a bottom-line thinking, insist on establishing first and then breaking, and consolidate energy security for Chinese-style modernization.

Promote the sustainable development of new productivity in China's energy sector

Finance World:How the Global Energy Landscape Reshaping Will Bring Opportunities and Challenges to China

Lyu Wenbin: 全球合作应对气候变化背景下,国际能源格局朝着清洁低碳方向发展与演变日趋明显,为中国加快能源低碳转型、深化国际新能源合作提供了机遇。中国新能源产业发展迅速,产能规模巨大,光伏组件、风电装备分别占全球的70%和60%,清洁能源产业体系全球领先。同时,中国企业新能源投资遍布主要国家和地区,形成了“资金+装备+建设+运维”一体化模式,是全球新能源开发利用中不可或缺的力量。展望未来,全球能源格局的重塑将推动中国能源领域新质生产力持续发展,为国际绿色低碳转型贡献更多中国智慧。 与此同时,全球能源体系加快转型也给中国能源低碳发展带来一系列挑战。一方面,绿色壁垒逐渐成为发达国家和地区贸易保护的重要手段,欧盟碳边境调节机制(CBAM)、《绿色协议产业计划》,以及美国《削减通货膨胀法案》等政策对全球产业格局和贸易规则产生重大影响,在全球绿色低碳竞争中中国面临较大压力。另一方面,作为世界上最大的发展中国家,中国将以历史最短时间,完成全球碳排放最大降幅,降碳任务重、时间紧,难度前所未有。 新形势下,中国将继续顺应绿色低碳转型大势,倡导真正的多边主义,与更多国家共同携手应对。一方面,高质量共建绿色“一带一路”。制定更加清晰、有约束力的绿色低碳能源投资政策。鼓励企业加大海外新能源投资,推动建成一批优质绿色能源项目,促进合作国低碳转型。另一方面,与国际社会一道坚决反对绿色贸易壁垒的不正当行为。推动与主要国家共同制定和实施绿色标准、绿色技术指南,形成涵盖绿色制造、绿色消费、绿色供应链等标准制定的统一认证体系。

Clean and efficient exploitation and utilization of fossil energy are key initiatives

Finance Industry:How do you think traditional energy industries, such as coal and oil, should consider the direction of development and transformation strategies under the "dual carbon" background?

Lu Wenbin:Under the goal of "double carbon", it is a key measure for China to accelerate energy transformation and clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy. For the coal industry, we will continue to deepen the structural reform on the coal supply side, actively promote the construction of large-scale coal production bases, enhance the ability to guarantee cross-regional coal supply, accelerate the construction of "green mines" and "smart mines" of coal, strengthen the construction of intelligent, safe and efficient mines, and actively promote the joint venture of coal power and coal power and renewable energy, so as to effectively improve the comprehensive efficiency of coal production and development. On the demand side, vigorously promote coal reduction substitution and clean and efficient utilization, speed up energy-saving upgrading and flexible transformation of coal-fired power units in service, reduce the proportion of non-electric coal consumption, gradually reduce or even ban coal bulk burning, and take multiple measures to open up the coal oil and gas, chemical industry and new materials industry chain, and promote the high-end, diversified and low-carbon development of the coal chemical industry. For the oil and gas industry, on the supply side, efforts should be made to enhance oil and gas exploration and development in the near and medium term, to attach equal importance to both conventional and unconventional resources, to pay equal attention to offshore and land resources, to improve the self-sufficiency of oil and gas, and to promote the integrated development of oil and gas and new energy. increase ecological environment protection and carbon emission reduction in the process of production and development We will promote the transformation and upgrading of the oil refining industry, strengthen the research and development of technologies such as "green hydrogen" instead of "grey hydrogen" and carbon dioxide hydrogenation to produce chemical products, and promote the demonstration and large-scale application of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology. On the demand side, we will continue to promote low-carbon transformation in the field of transportation, gradually reduce the proportion of refined oil in transportation energy use, promote refining and chemical projects in an orderly manner, guide natural gas consumption in an orderly manner, optimize the structure of natural gas consumption, and give priority to ensuring the use of gas for people's livelihood.

Transforming the "impossible triangle" into an "inclusive triangle"

Finance Sector:Challenges Faced by China's Energy System after "Dual Carbon" Goal

Lyu Wenbin: 一直以来,中国传统能源体系难以同时兼顾安全性、经济性和绿色性,即所谓的能源“不可能三角”,成为经济高质量发展的显著制约。把所谓的“不可能三角”转变为“包容性三角”,正是中国深入推进能源生产和消费革命、建设新型能源体系的本质要求。中国能源活动二氧化碳排放量占全社会二氧化碳排放量的比重超过八成,在“双碳”目标提出后,加快规划建设新型能源体系更加迫切。从长远来看,建设新型能源体系,就是要建成以非化石能源为供应主体,以电力为主要终端用能,以新型电力系统为平台枢纽,供需双方灵活智能互动,绿色安全经济有效统一的能源体系。 党的十八大以来,能源绿色低碳转型步伐明显加快,新型能源体系建设初见成效。一是能源安全稳定供应能力稳步增强,清洁能源成为能源供给的重要支柱,2023年可再生能源发电装机占总装机比重超过50%,历史性超过火电。二是能源消费结构显著优化,非化石能源比重逐年提升,2022年达17.5%;重点领域节能降碳不断推进,单位GDP能耗持续下降。三是能源国际合作成果颇丰,新能源成为中国海外能源投资主体,光伏、风电设备占全球市场份额分别为70%、60%,为世界能源低碳转型提供了重要支撑。 但必须认识到,规划建设新型能源体系面临诸多现实问题和风险挑战,任重道远,不可能一蹴而就,世界各国也都在不断地探索推进中。对中国而言,要处理好当前和长远、规划和推进的关系,必须树立底线思维、坚持先立后破,为中国式现代化夯实能源保障。

Actively cultivate market-oriented energy saving modes

Financial World:Energy conservation and efficiency play an important role in achieving the "dual carbon" target. It requires a multi-pronged and collaborative approach. In recent years, what efforts has China made in energy conservation and efficiency, and what progress has been made?

Lyu Wenbin: 中国生态文明建设已经进入以降碳为重点战略方向的关键时期,节能是最直接、最有效、最经济的降碳举措。近年来,中国从完善能耗双控制度、加强重点领域节能管理、强化源头管控、健全市场化机制等角度入手,推动全社会节能增效,节能工作成效显著。 一是完善能源消耗总量和强度调控。落实好原料用能和非化石能源消费不纳入能源消耗总量和强度控制政策,重点控制化石能源消费,推动能耗双控逐步转向碳排放双控,强化高质量发展用能保障。二是强化重点领域节能管理。推动重点行业节能降碳,开展重点企业和设备能效普查,深入开展能效对标达标,发布重点行业、重点用能设备能效标杆水平,引导节能降碳更新改造。大力发展绿色建筑,2022年新建绿色建筑面积占比由“十三五”末的77%提升至91.2%;推动既有建筑绿色低碳改造,节能建筑占城镇民用建筑面积比例超过65%。加快调整交通运输结构,2022年全国铁路货运发送量49.8亿吨、同比增长4.4%,水路货运发送量85.5亿吨、同比增长3.8%。三是统筹推动重点领域产品设备更新改造与循环回收再利用。一方面加快提升电机、变压器、空调等产品设备节能标准,支撑锅炉等重点领域节能改造,助力大规模设备更新和消费品以旧换新;另一方面不断完善废旧产品设备回收利用体系,推进废钢铁、废有色金属、废塑料等各类资源节约集约利用,发展高水平退役风电、光伏设备等再制造新业态。四是坚决遏制“两高一低”项目盲目发展。强化源头调控作用,以强制性能耗限额标准、产品设备能效标准等作为重要评价依据,引导新上项目做好行业对标、改进节能措施、优化技术路线、采用高效设备等。五是建立健全能耗双控配套机制。持续完善财税、投资、金融、价格等方面政策,加快节能标准更新升级和应用实施,加快节能降碳先进技术研发推广,积极培育市场化节能模式等。

"New Three" leading the new track

Finance Industry:How do you view the role of technological innovation in the "Dual Carbon" strategy?

Lyu Wenbin: 实现碳达峰碳中和目标,必须发挥好科技创新这个“关键变量”的支撑引领作用。当前,全球正经历新一轮科技革命和产业变革,许多国家和地区在积极布局绿色低碳产业、发展清洁能源技术,碳达峰碳中和正在成为全球科技和产业竞争的新赛道。党的二十大报告对“积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和”作出明确部署,要求发展绿色低碳产业,加快节能低碳先进技术研发和推广应用。国家发展改革委等部门制定了《绿色低碳转型产业指导目录(2024年版)》《关于促进新时代新能源高质量发展的实施方案》《绿色低碳先进技术示范工程实施方案》,持续推动绿色低碳科技创新。 目前,中国在低碳能源产业领域不断健全形成完备的产业链与供应链体系,竞争力不断提高,在有的领域已经实现全球领跑。新能源产业融汇绿色能源、人工智能、互联网、大数据等多项技术变革,成为促进产业技术创新、绿色低碳发展和国际合作的重要载体;风光储氢车和数字技术不断加速融合,推动构建绿色低碳经济。例如,光伏、电池和电动汽车等“新三样”已成为创新驱动、世界领先的外贸出口优势产业,也是全球“风向标”和供应链中心。2023年以来,中国企业连续打破太阳能光伏电池效率的最高纪录,钙钛矿/晶硅叠层电池效率达到33.9%,大规模量产动力电池的单体能量密度达到300 瓦时/千克,兼具优良能量密度与安全性的半固态电池已装车应用,可实现充电一秒一公里的800V快充车型迎来放量。2023年“新三样”合计出口首次突破万亿元,比上年增长29.9%。

Accelerate empowering new technologies

** Financial Circles:Currently, some new technologies such as carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), hydrogen energy, energy storage, etc. are accelerating development. What is the progress and utilization of these new technologies in China, and how to further promote their application in the future? **

Lyu Wenbin: 对碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)技术而言,该技术是化石能源近零排放的基本技术选择、钢铁水泥等难减排行业深度脱碳的可行技术方案和未来支撑碳循环利用的主要技术手段。据不完全统计,截至2023年底,中国已投运的CCUS示范项目超过50个,分布在电力、石油化工、煤化工、水泥、钢铁等行业,总捕集能力达到600万吨/年,注入能力达到400万吨/年。从技术水平看,中国CCUS各项技术均取得显著进展,技术成熟度总体与全球水平较为接近,但在管道输送、强化采油、集成优化等关键技术方面与国际先进水平相比尚存在一定差距。为推动CCUS技术应用和产业健康发展,一要构建低成本、低能耗、安全可靠的CCUS技术体系和产业集群;二要通过加强CCUS技术研发、降低技术成本、完善激励机制,促进技术、市场、政策三大要素深度融合、协同发力;三要推动CCUS技术系统性部署、规模化发展、市场化应用,为碳中和目标实现提供兜底保障。 对氢能而言,氢能是新型能源体系的重要组成部分,是用能终端实现绿色低碳转型的重要载体,氢能产业是战略性新兴产业和未来产业重点发展方向。在制氢环节,截至2023年底全国共建成可再生能源制氢项目58个,合计项目规模654.5兆瓦。在储运环节,截至2023年底,中国建成运营氢气管道总长度超150公里,液氢、固态储氢、有机液态储氢研发加快。在应用环节,交通领域用氢规模持续扩大,2023年燃料电池汽车销量5791辆,同比增长72%,累计建成加氢站428座,500千瓦氢燃料电池动力示范船“三峡氢舟1号”在湖北实现首航,全球最大功率氢能机车“宁东号”在山西下线;化工、冶金领域实现规模化应用示范,吉林松原万吨级绿色氢氨醇一体化项目开工,百万吨级氢基竖炉项目在广东投产;建筑领域全国累计投运燃料电池热电联产与发电项目达到91个。为推动氢能技术应用和产业健康发展,一要合理优化产能布局,立足各地资源禀赋、产业基础、市场需求,稳步推进氢能产业发展;二要开展可再生能源制氢与就近利用一体化工程示范,不断积累技术经验,探索稳定成熟的商业模式;三要研究制定可再生能源制氢项目输配电价及电网调峰支持政策,提升可再生能源制氢经济性。 对储能而言,抽水蓄能和新型储能是支撑新型电力系统建设的重要技术和基础装备,对推动能源绿色转型、保障能源安全、助力“双碳”目标实现具有重要意义。近年来中国新型储能实现高速增长,截至2023年底,全国已建成投运新型储能项目累计装机规模达3139万千瓦/6687万千瓦时,平均储能时长2.1小时,2023年新增装机规模约2260万千瓦/4870万千瓦时,较2022年底增长超过260%,近10倍于“十三五”末装机规模。新型储能技术中锂离子电池储能仍占绝对主导地位,压缩空气储能、液流电池储能、飞轮储能等技术快速发展,总体呈现多元化发展态势。为进一步推动储能技术推广应用,一要降低储能项目电力市场参与门槛,推动储能全面参与电力现货和各类辅助服务市场;二要加快研究制定储能容量电价补偿机制,营造公平合理的价格环境;三要积极开展新型储能技术研发与示范,着力推进液流电池、压缩空气、重力储能、氢储能、热储能等长时储能技术规模化应用;四要完善相关安全标准,加强储能电站安全设计与运行管理,提升储能项目安全运行水平。

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Author: Emma

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